Incident
Any unwanted, unplanned occurrence is called incident.
Accident
Any unwanted, unplanned event which leads to injury to persons, damage is called accident.
Injury includes injury, death, disease and adverse mental, neurological or systemic effects.
Types of accident:
1. Fatal accident: Accidents which has caused the death of the injured person immediately or delayed within one year.
2. Non Fatal accident: An accident in which injured person is not died but he is disabled either temporarily or permanently.
3. Reportable accident: Accident which causes death, or injury result person prevented from working for a period of the 48 hours or more immediately accident must reported to statutory authority.
4. Non Reportable accident: All accidents which are not required to be reported to the statutory authority.
5. Loss time Injury: A work-related injury that causes the injured person to be away from work and is unable to join on the next designated work day / work shift from the time the injury occurred.
6. Non Loss time Injury: It is an injury which requires medical treatment only, without causing any disablement.
Injury
Injury is an external damage to the human body disturbance or dysfunction resulted from an accident that exceeds the body's tolerance which cause death, loss of consciousness.
Disabling injury is an injury causing death, permanent disability or degree of temporary total disability beyond the day of the injury.
Minor injury means that having no permanent effect and leading to less than three days off work.
Major injury means that leading to more than three days off work. The major injury may be fatal or serious.
Near miss
An event which occur with out injury of person, damage to property, damage to environment but has the potential to result in an accident.
Any unwanted, unplanned event that has potential to cause harms damage or loss but did not do so.
Hazard
A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition.
Danger
It expresses degree of exposure to a hazard.
By taking suitable precaution the degree is reduced.
Dangerous occurrences mentioned u/s 88A of Factories Act 1948, u/r 103 of GFR 1963.
They include,
- Bursting of a steam plant under pressure
- Collapse or failure of lifting appliances or overturning of a crane
- Fire, explosion, escape of molten metal, hot liquor, gas etc.
- Explosion of a pressure vessel
- Collapse or subsidence of a structure.
Risk
Combination of the (probability) frequency of an undesirable event occurring and the severity level of its consequence.
A risk is a chance high or low that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm
Risk Assessment: A formalized process of identifying the risk that they generate and then either eliminate or controlling the risk.
Man-hours worked:
It is the total number of employee-hours worked by all employees working in the industrial premises.
It includes all managerial, supervisory, professional, technical, clerical and other workers including contractors' labour with overtime.
Frequency rate: A question how often injury occurs?
It is defines as the disabling (lost time) injuries per 10 Lacs man-hours worked lost time injury and reportable lost time injury.
It shows how frequently the accidents are.
Fr = ( No of lost time injury and reportable lost time injury * 1000000) / Man hours worked
MAH (Major Accident Hazard)
Major hazard means that hazard which arise because of
1. The hazardous nature of the substance and
2. Its storage quantity equals or exceeds the threshold quantity prescribed in MSIHC (Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemicals) Rules 1989.
Major hazard is due to isolated storage or industrial activity that has the potential to cause extensive damage to man, material or environment within or outside the site boundary.
Objectives:
- To measure accident potential and to set priority for preventive measures.
- To define hazardous chemical by defining its fire, explosion & toxicity criteria and to define their storage quantity.
- To make, enact & implement the law for MAH chemical works or isolated storage by providing statutory provisions.
- To identify major hazards, developing and utilizing the special techniques like Hazard & Risk Assessment (HIRA), HAZOP, FTA, ΕΤΑ, ΕIA etc.
- To take all possible preventive measures based on identified major hazards to prevent cause of such hazardous events.
- To foresee the consequences on the workers, public and environment and to work out an emergency plan to control and mitigate the effects.
Components of MAH
- Definition and identification of MAH installation based on type of hazard.
- Information about the installation e.g. Safety report, Safety manual etc.
- Assessment of major hazard by works management and competent authority.
- Control of the cause of major industrial accidents by use of good safety equipment's and instrumentation & techniques.
- Safe operations of major accident hazard installation by training to workers, following SOP's and investigating accidents & near miss.
- Emergency planning (onsite and offsite emergency plans & their rehearsals)
- Siting & land use planning by ensuring safe separation distance.
- Inspection of MAH unit by plant management and also Govt. authorities.
Accident is not recoverable event while Incident is recoverable event.
What is accident investigation?
Accident investigation means to carried out immediately the occurrence of accident to find out real facts to avoid the future accident.
- Date and time
- Activity
- What happened
- Location
- Nature and size of accident
- Person involved
- Contributing factors
- What went wrong
- Causes
- Injuries and damages
- Corrective action suggested
- Signature
- Safety officer
- Safety in charge
- Project manager
What is accident prevention?
Accident prevention may be defined as an integrated programme and directed to control un safe mechanical or physical condition.
Human factors causing accidents?
1. Carelessness
2. Fooling bout it
3. Hurrying to increase production
4. Laziness in house keeping
5. Hurrying in Lunchtime
6. Lack of attention due to worry
7. Alcohol and drugs
8. Lack of skill and experience
9. Not using PPE
Write causes of accidents ?
Direct cause: Unsafe act and unsafe condition.
Indirect Cause: 1. Lack of knowledge or skill 2. Improper attitude 3. Physical or mental deficiency
- FMEA - Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
- HAZOP
- Why -Why Analysis
- RCA Root Cause Analysis
- Fault tree
- Event tree
- Cost effectiveness
- Statistical method
- Critical incident method